Topik Pengajaran
MAKNA TAMADUN
Tamadun boleh dimaksudkan dengan:
1. Madinah atau mudun yang bermaksud “perbandaran” atau “kekotaan”.
2. Madana bermaksud ketinggian budi pekerti.
3. Civilisation berasal dari Greek civitas bermakna bandar
4. Peradaban yang berasal dari akar kata “adab” dan “ta’dib”. Merujuk kepada kehidupan yang beradab.
Ibn Khaldun – nama sebenar Abd al-Rahman Ibn Muhammad, seorang pemikir yang unggul, berasal dari Tunisia. Beliau dianggap sebagai bapa sosiologi yang mengasaskan teori peradaban.
Beliau berpandangan bahawa kehidupan bertamadun adalah kehidupan bandar. Tamadun juga didirikan atas dasar semangat assabiah atau kekitaan yang melahirkan semangat tolong-menolong dan kerjasama antara semua ahlinya.
Di antara karya beliau yang terkenal ialah Kitab Muqaddimah yang membicarakan berkaitan ilmu ketamadunan yang ditulis berdasarkan pengalamannya sendiri yang terlibat dalam politik dan pemerintahan.
Dalam Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun menggunakan beberapa istilah bagi merujuk kepada kehidupan bertamadun:
i. Umran bermakna kawasan yang didiami secara tetap, berkembang dan maju dalam bentuk perbandaran.
ii. Hadharah bermaksud kehidupan di bandar yang penuh tatasusila, kesopanan dan berbudi pekerti tinggi.
Syed Naquib al-Attas pula menjelaskan maksud kehidupan bertamadun sebagai pencapaian tahap tatasusila yang tinggi dan kebudayaan yang luhur oleh sesebuah masyarakat.
TAMADUN ISLAM
Asas utama tamadun Islamialah untuk memelihara, memperbaiki, dan menghormati hak-hak anugerah Allah kepada hamba-hambaNya.
Hal ini amat berbeza dengan Tamadun Barat yang melihat agama hanya sebahagian daripada pengisian tamadun
Islam memandang bahawa agama adalah diletakkan sebagai aspek tertinggi dalam pembinaan tamadun
Pandangan semesta Islam tidak terbatas pada suatu bangsa, kaum atau ras tertentu.
Aspek kepercayaan dalam tamadun Islam tidak sama dengan agama lain
KONSEP KEKUASAAN
Al-Quran menjelaskan bahawa Allah adalah Pencipta, Penguasa dan Pemilik mutlak alam ini dan seluruh isinya (termasuklah manusia)
Manusia hanya sebagai khalifah @ pemegang amanah yang tidak mempunyai kuasa mutlak.
Manusia mesti mengikut ketetapan hukum-hukum Allah dan prinsip-prinsip yang menjadi asas hukum tersebut.
PENYALURAN NILAI TAUHID DALAM PENGASASAN TAMADUN ISLAM
Nilai “tauhid” disalurkan melalui pengajaran dan bukti-bukti dari kejadian alam serta pengiktibaran daripada pemaparan sejarah lampau di dalam Al-Quran
Islam sesuai menjadi teras kepada tamadun kerana tidak memisahkan elemen dunia dan keagamaan
Akidah tauhid menjadi paksi kepada segenap aspek berkaitan soal ketamadunan
Nilai yang diiktiraf Islam ialah yang diredhai Allah dan bukan berdasarkan pertimbangan manusia.
TAMADUN CINA
DR. SUHAILA ABDULLAH
Asal-Usul Tamadun China
Dinasti terawal D. Hsia /Xia atau @ Dinasti Shang (1766-1122sm)
Masyarakat awal China bergantung kepada Sg Kuning @ Sg. Huanghe
Sekitar 3950-1700 muncul kebudayaan Neolitik China iaitu Kebudayaan Yangshao
3000 S.M muncul kebudayaan Longshan
2.Tahap Perkembangan tamadun China
A. Tahap Permulaan/ Pembinaan
B. Tahap Kegemilangan/ Keagungan
C. Tahap Peralihan
i)Tahap Permulaan
Dinasti Hsia/Xia (2200/2210-1600/1700) dan Shang(1700-1027)
Diikuti dengan D. Chou/Zhou dan Chin/Qin.
ii) Tahap Kegemilangan
Dinasti Han, Sui, Tang.
Kemuncak dinasti ini ialah di bawah pemerintahan Han Wu Ti.
Keunggulan dinasti – “Anak cucu Han”
Dinasti Sui (581-618M).
Dinasti Tang (618-907M)
Tahap Peralihan
Dinasti Song, Yuan, Ming, Ching dan Komunis.
Terbahagi kepada 2: tahap pencerobohan orang luar atau gasar dan kemasukan kuasa Barat.
Hubungan Dinasti Ching dengan Barat
Inggeris memperkenal perdagangan candu yang membawa kepada peperangan Candu – Perang Candu I berlaku pada 1839M.
Dr. Sun Yat Sen menerapkan ideologi demokrasi dan komunisme dan akhirnya terdiri sistem republik.
2. UNSUR-UNSUR ASAS TAMADUN CINA
Unsur Pertama: Alam Sekitar
Unsur Kedua:Sistem Pertanian Purba
Unsur Ketiga : Bahasa dan Sistem Tulisan Cina
Unsur Keempat : Pembentukan Bangsa Tionghoa
Unsur kelima:Pandangan Semesta Dalam TC
Unsur Keenam: Falsafah dan Agama Cina
Unsur Ketujuh:Institusi Politik dan Sistem Pemerintahan
Unsur Kelapan: Keluarga dan Masyarakat Cina
Unsur Kesembilan: Orientasi Sistem Nilai dalam TC
PANDANGAN SEMESTA, PEMIKIRAN CINA, DAN NILAI-NILAI PENTING.
Individu Dalam Masyarakat
Individu – unit asas yang membentuk masyarakat.
Pertubuhan sosial iaitu institusi keluarga diiktiraf.
Nilai Kekeluargaan
Konfusianisme amat mementingkan institusi perkahwinan
He (keharmonian) dianggap penting dalam keluarga.
jian (jimat cermat) dan qin (ketekunan).
Sistem Organisasi & Institusi Sosial
Negara China mengamalkan pemerintahan beraja. Raja menduduki tangga teratas dalam susun lapis masyarakat Cina.
Raja/ Maharaja dianggap sebagai wakil tuhan
Sistem Masyarakat
i. Golongan cerdik pandai;
ii. Golongan petani;
iii. Golongan tukang; dan
iv. Golongan peniaga.
Konsep Ren
Ren adalah konsep asas dalam sistem etika masyarakat Cina
ii. Konsep Junzi
Junzi (Chun Tzu) ialah personaliti yang ideal dalam Konfusianisme.
iii. Konsep Lima Hubungan
i. Antara suami dan isteri;
ii. Antara bapa dan anak;
iii. Antara adik beradik;
iv. Antara pemerintah serta rakyat; dan
v. Antara kawan serta sahabat.
Artikel menarik tentang kaedah perubatan Cina dari yahoo di http://health.yahoo.com/experts/drmao/24009/what-your-face-reveals-about-your-health/
What Your Face Reveals About Your Health
By Dr. Maoshing Ni – Posted on Fri, Feb 19, 2010, 10:52 am PST
How Traditional Chinese Medicine Reads the Body to Detect Disease
Most people don’t realize that their face provides information about what’s going on beneath the surface. Your body speaks a unique language to communicate the imbalances within it. Chinese medicine has mastered the art and science of reading the body’s language over its five thousand year practice. Each part of your face reflects a different element from the Chinese 5-Element network (fire, earth, water, metal, and wood), which in turn, corresponds to a particular organ grouping. Your reflection offers visual cues to what may be happening within your internal systems–such as your heart, stomach, hormones and even your mind and spirit.
In some situations visual cues will immediately alert you of an issue, and you can take measures immediately. But the real value of self-inspection is in detecting subtle imbalances and dealing with them preventively through diet, herbal supplementation, and lifestyle practices. By reading your body, you can take care of small problems before they become big health issues.
The Forehead
According to Chinese medicine, the forehead corresponds to the fire element. This is associated with the heart and small intestine organ network, as well as the mind and spirit.
Forehead: Fire Element – Heart/Small Intestine
When examining your forehead, look for redness or small blood vessels that appear as discoloration, which could indicate a heart problem. Skin discoloration could also be caused by a recent emotionally-charged experience, such as a breakup or loss. It is common for people whose emotions are regularly in turmoil to have a constant furrow between their eyebrows.
A heart attack can often be foretold by a subtle bluish-green hue on the forehead. If you have discoloration on your forehead accompanied by heart palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and tingling or pain in your left arm, schedule an appointment with a cardiologist or visit an emergency room, if necessary.
Your Nose
Your nose corresponds to the earth element, indicating a connection to the stomach, spleen and pancreas network.
Nose: Earth Element – Spleen/Pancreas/Stomach
Symptoms of internal discord typically show up as a pimple on the tip or side of your nose. Think back to your meals from the previous day. Did you eat a lot of spicy, deep-fried, fatty, or rich foods? How about chocolate? If the answer is “yes,” your choice of cuisine could be the problem. As a result, you may suffer from indigestion, constipation, or diarrhea.
Broken capillaries or redness across the bridge of the nose could reveal alcohol abuse, or it may simply mean excessive worry and stress, which taxes your earth element network. I had a patient who would de-stress from her taxing executive job with alcohol and sweets, and her nose always gave these indiscretions away. I recommended she calm her nerves in healthier ways, like meditation and other stress-releasing techniques.
Your Chin
The chin area is related to the water element, which is internally associated to your kidney and bladder organ network, including the hormonal system and glands.
Chin: Water Element – Kidney/Bladder
Blemishes, discoloration and dark patches of skin around the chin and mouth could indicate problems within the kidneys or bladder. Recurrent acne breakouts around your chin may signify a hormonal imbalance. The problem is most often due to the body producing excess estrogen or testosterone and tends to be coupled with irregular menstruation in women and prostate symptoms in men.
Be sure to also look at your philtrum, the indentation just above your lips. This small area relates to the uterus and ovaries in women and the prostate and genitals in men. Horizontal lines, blemishes or discoloration across the philtrum may indicate infertility issues due to problems such as endometriosis or uterine fibroid cysts.
According to Chinese medicine, people who have a small chin are genetically predispositioned to weakness in their kidney and bladder network. However, this doesn’t mean that small-chinned people will develop kidney disease. The information is simply an alert that a tendency may exist, and patients can choose to make lifestyle changes to prevent the development of a condition.
Your Right Cheek
Your right cheek corresponds to the metal element, meaning this area of your face is connected to the lung and large intestine network.
Right Cheek: Metal Element – Lung/Large Intenstine
Problems in the lung and large intestine network present themselves as discoloration, blemishes and skin problems on your right cheek. A mild acne breakout, eczema patch or slight redness may mean a cold is coming on. Lung illness or upper respiratory ailments also trigger visual symptoms on the right cheek.
People who are prone to respiratory allergies or asthma have a tendency to have a reddish, scaly eczema, a slight rash or slight bluish-green hue along the right cheek–showing too much heat or inflammation in the respiratory system, or a lack of oxygen from bronchial constriction. One of my many pediatric patients who suffered from allergic asthma always displayed an eczema-like patch right before a flare up of her allergy attack, a very useful tip off. I instructed her mother to treat her right away with herbs for allergies to avert an asthma attack.
Your Left Cheek
The left cheek corresponds to your wood element, or the liver-gallbladder network.
Left Cheek: Wood Element – Liver/Gallbladder
Broken capillaries and redness, especially up next to the bridge of your nose, indicate heat, inflammation or congestion of toxins in the liver. Bulging veins, redness, and rash sometimes signal high blood pressure and pent-up anger. A yellowish hue under the left eye may indicate gallstones or high triglycerides or cholesterol, which are processed by the liver-gall bladder network.
Problems in this part of the face can also reveal emotional issues, such as anger and depression, since the liver and gallbladder network includes the nervous system.
Please keep in mind that there are many ways that your body alerts you to imbalances. As you learn this visual method, you’ll want to be able to confirm your findings from one body part with observations from others, such as the eyes, tongue, and nails. Want to learn more? Get your own copy of Secrets of Self-Healing, where you can find in-depth information.Keep all five elements healthy and get a whole body tune-up with a balanced combination of 44 traditional Chinese herbs that support healthy function of the bodily systems, the Five Elements of Health Formula.
I hope this article helps you find out what your face is telling you! I invite you to visit often and share your own personal health and longevity tips with me.
To learn more about Dr. Mao and other natural health tips, go to askdrmao.com
